According to Lovecraft, it was written by Abdul Alhazred, 'a mad Arab poet of the Yemen', in 950 A.D. Lovecraft, and grew into an extended literary in-joke as other horror writers organically added to the Cthulhu mythos. Other characteristics of an authentic text, which the Necronomicon fails to demonstrate, include a chain of ownership, multiple manuscripts with small variations, as well as linguistic and other internal evidence which places its composition in a specific time and place. The Necronomicon originated as a fictional book in the works of H.P. No such manuscript of the Necronomicon has turned up, and until one does, it must be considered fictional. Secondly, there must be a manuscript that scholars can examine openly and subject to tests such as carbon dating and pollen analysis. However, there is no mention of a work called the Necronomicon until the 20th century. Manuscripts of the Book of Enoch were found in Ethiopia in the 17th century, and a papyrus of the Gospel of Judas finally turned up in the 21st century. The Gospel of Judas is mentioned in the writings of the Early Church Fathers as a heretical text. For instance, the Book (possibly Books) of Enoch were mentioned in the Bible. First of all, a text is usually referenced in other historic texts. "The provenance of a text is a set of criteria which scholars use to evaluate its authenticity.
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